Python: Functions
Addition, concatenation, finding the remainder of a division, and the other operations discussed are basic features of programming languages. Mathematics is not limited to arithmetic, there are other sections with their own operations ⎯ e.g., geometry. The same goes for strings: you can flip them, change a letter's case, delete extra characters – and that's just the tip of the iceberg.
And at higher levels, there's application-specific logic. Programs withdraw money, calculate taxes, and generate reports. The number of these operations is endless and different for each program. And you have to be able to express them in code.
For expressing other operations, we have a feature in programming called functions. Functions can be built-in or added by the programmer. We're already familiar with one built-in function ⎯ print().
Functions are one of the key constructs in programming. Without them, it's impossible to do almost anything. It's important to get to know them as early as possible, since everything after this is going to be very function-heavy. First we'll learn how to use the functions we've already created, and then we'll learn how to create our own.
We'll start with basic functions that handle strings.
The len() function counts the number of characters in a string. Below is an example of it being called:
# Calling the function len with the parameter 'Hello!
result = len('Hello!')
print(result) # => 6
Parameters or arguments are the information the function receives when it is called. Based on this information, the function usually calculates and outputs a result.
We created a variable called result and gave the interpreter a specific action: we have to write into it the result returned by the len() function when it's called. In this sense, functions are like operations - they always return the result of their work. The entry len('Hello!') means that a function named len is called, to which the parameter 'Hello!' is passed. The len() function counts the length of the string that was passed to it.
A function call is always indicated by parentheses (), which come immediately after the function name. There can be any number of parameters in brackets, and sometimes none at all. The number of parameters depends on the function used.
Take for example the pow() function, which increments a given number to the correct power. It takes two parameters as input: the first parameter is expanded by the degree set in the second parameter:
result = pow(2, 3) # 2 * 2 * 2
print(result) # => 8
We've figured out how to use the simple built-in functions. But that's not all of them. You'll learn more about functions in future lessons
Instructions
There are two variables defined in the program code that contain the names of companies. Calculate their total character length and print it.
The exercise doesn't pass checking. What to do? 😶
If you've reached a deadlock it's time to ask your question in the «Discussions». How ask a question correctly:
- Be sure to attach the test output, without it it's almost impossible to figure out what went wrong, even if you show your code. It's complicated for developers to execute code in their heads, but having a mistake before their eyes most probably will be helpful.
In my environment the code works, but not here 🤨
Tests are designed so that they test the solution in different ways and against different data. Often the solution works with one kind of input data but doesn't work with others. Check the «Tests» tab to figure this out, you can find hints at the error output.
My code is different from the teacher's one 🤔
It's fine. 🙆 One task in programming can be solved in many different ways. If your code passed all tests, it complies with the task conditions.
In some rare cases, the solution may be adjusted to the tests, but this can be seen immediately.
I've read the lessons but nothing is clear 🙄
It's hard to make educational materials that will suit everyone. We do our best but there is always something to improve. If you see a material that is not clear to you, describe the problem in “Discussions”. It will be great if you'll write unclear points in the question form. Usually, we need a few days for corrections.
By the way, you can participate in courses improvement. There is a link below to the lessons course code which you can edit right in your browser.
Your exercise will be checked with these tests:
1from hexlet.test import expect_output
2
3
4def test(capsys):
5 expected = '12'
6 expect_output(capsys, expected)
7Teacher's solution will be available in:
